{
  "id": "auth_ny_vtl_388",
  "version": 2,
  "jurisdiction": "us-ny",
  "domain": "torts.motor_vehicle",
  "title": "NY Vehicle and Traffic Law § 388: Negligence in use or operation of vehicle attributable to owner",
  "valid_from": null,
  "valid_to": null,
  "temporal_notes": [],
  "topics": [
    "owner_liability",
    "city_vehicle",
    "motor_vehicle_accident"
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  "verification": {
    "verified_on": "2026-09-30",
    "methods": [
      "Subdivisions 1 and 2 compared word for word with newyork.public.law's copy of the NY Senate's official Laws of New York page (last updated there December 29, 2023), leaving out the link labels that copy inserts after cross-references. nysenate.gov refuses automated requests from this environment. The first sentence of subdivision 1 is also paraphrased the same way in Murdza v Zimmerman, 99 NY2d 375 (2003)."
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      "date": "2026-10-25",
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  "citation": "New York Vehicle and Traffic Law § 388",
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      "locator": "§ 388(1)",
      "text": "Every owner of a vehicle used or operated in this state shall be liable and responsible for death or injuries to person or property resulting from negligence in the use or operation of such vehicle, in the business of such owner or otherwise, by any person using or operating the same with the permission, express or implied, of such owner."
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      "locator": "§ 388(2)",
      "text": "As used in this section, \"vehicle\" means a \"motor vehicle\", as defined in ... except fire and police vehicles"
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    "reason": "No date limits are recorded.",
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