{
  "id": "case_ny_toure_v_avis",
  "version": 2,
  "jurisdiction": "us-ny",
  "domain": "torts.motor_vehicle",
  "title": "Toure v Avis Rent A Car Sys., 98 NY2d 345 (2002)",
  "valid_from": null,
  "valid_to": null,
  "temporal_notes": [],
  "topics": [
    "serious_injury",
    "serious_injury_proof"
  ],
  "status": "VERIFIED",
  "verification": {
    "verified_on": "2026-09-30",
    "methods": [
      "Quoted passages compared word for word with the opinion text on CourtListener (cluster 2057079), fetched through its API on 2026-09-30; citations inside passages are replaced by ellipses.",
      "Citation 98 NY2d 345 resolves to this cluster through CourtListener's citation lookup; case name and decision date (July 9, 2002) match."
    ],
    "human_review_status": "reviewed",
    "reviewer": null
  },
  "revisions": [
    {
      "version": 2,
      "date": "2026-10-25",
      "summary": "Reviewed for source and accuracy."
    }
  ],
  "name": "Toure v Avis Rent A Car Sys.",
  "citation": "98 NY2d 345",
  "parallel_citations": [],
  "court": "New York Court of Appeals",
  "court_level": "court_of_last_resort",
  "decided": "2002-07-09",
  "courtlistener": null,
  "editor_summary": "Held that a plaintiff must present objective medical proof of injury to meet the no-fault serious injury threshold; subjective complaints of pain alone are not enough. Footnote 1 quotes the full definition of serious injury in Insurance Law § 5102(d) as it then read.",
  "passages": [
    {
      "source": "src_courtlistener_toure_v_avis",
      "locator": "98 NY2d at 350",
      "text": "we have required objective proof of a plaintiffs injury in order to satisfy the statutory serious injury threshold ... subjective complaints alone are not sufficient"
    },
    {
      "source": "src_courtlistener_toure_v_avis",
      "locator": "98 NY2d 345, footnote 1",
      "text": "Insurance Law § 5102 (d) defines the term \"serious injury\" as \"a personal injury which results in death; dismemberment; significant disfigurement; a fracture; loss of a fetus; permanent loss of use of a body organ, member, function or system; permanent consequential limitation of use of a body organ or member; significant limitation of use of a body function or system; or a medically determined injury or impairment of a non-permanent nature which prevents the injured person from performing substantially all of the material acts which constitute such person's usual and customary daily activities for not less than ninety days during the one hundred eighty days immediately following the occurrence of the injury or impairment.\""
    }
  ],
  "type": "case",
  "source_ids": [
    "src_courtlistener_toure_v_avis"
  ],
  "relationship_ids": [
    "rel_toure_supports_objective_proof",
    "rel_toure_supports_definition_pre_2026"
  ],
  "url": "https://agents.newyorkeverydaylawreference.com/case/case_ny_toure_v_avis",
  "cite_as": {
    "id": "case_ny_toure_v_avis",
    "type": "case",
    "version": 2,
    "url": "https://agents.newyorkeverydaylawreference.com/case/case_ny_toure_v_avis",
    "content_hash": "sha256:f208b82edc466ae2ac1a7e9fb53c92b7a220c95cfb18d6a5bbee4bdd25393861",
    "dataset_version": "2026.10.25",
    "citation": "Toure v Avis Rent A Car Sys., 98 NY2d 345"
  },
  "trust": {
    "authority_level": "court_of_last_resort",
    "source_type": "courtlistener",
    "primary_source": false,
    "verified": true,
    "verification_date": "2026-09-30",
    "source_freshness": "2026-09-30",
    "temporal_status": "current",
    "conflict_status": "none_known",
    "human_review_status": "reviewed",
    "provenance_complete": true
  },
  "applicability": {
    "as_of": "2026-11-04",
    "applies": true,
    "temporal_status": "current",
    "reason": "Decided 2002-07-09.",
    "status": "VERIFIED"
  },
  "graph": {
    "outgoing": [
      {
        "id": "rel_toure_supports_definition_pre_2026",
        "relation": "supports",
        "to": "prop_ny_mv_serious_injury_definition_pre_2026"
      },
      {
        "id": "rel_toure_supports_objective_proof",
        "relation": "supports",
        "to": "prop_ny_mv_serious_injury_objective_proof"
      }
    ],
    "incoming": []
  },
  "provenance": {
    "passages": [
      {
        "source": "src_courtlistener_toure_v_avis",
        "locator": "98 NY2d at 350",
        "sha256": "sha256:5ec0a8dd9cec1bb28f5412e3498a56fd49bb28228683771916a882ffa9411919",
        "source_url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2057079/toure-v-avis-rent-a-car-systems-inc/",
        "retrieved": "2026-09-30"
      },
      {
        "source": "src_courtlistener_toure_v_avis",
        "locator": "98 NY2d 345, footnote 1",
        "sha256": "sha256:149b20848c45fa96e04acfe43c46ff0195ae56ba1f2d6626c25b073c21060ae6",
        "source_url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2057079/toure-v-avis-rent-a-car-systems-inc/",
        "retrieved": "2026-09-30"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://agents.newyorkeverydaylawreference.com/case/case_ny_toure_v_avis",
    "json": "https://agents.newyorkeverydaylawreference.com/case/case_ny_toure_v_avis.json",
    "markdown": "https://agents.newyorkeverydaylawreference.com/case/case_ny_toure_v_avis.md",
    "current": "https://agents.newyorkeverydaylawreference.com/case/case_ny_toure_v_avis",
    "versions": [
      "https://agents.newyorkeverydaylawreference.com/case/case_ny_toure_v_avis/v/1",
      "https://agents.newyorkeverydaylawreference.com/case/case_ny_toure_v_avis/v/2"
    ],
    "schema": "https://agents.newyorkeverydaylawreference.com/schema/case.json"
  }
}