{
  "id": "prop_ny_comparative_fault_defendant_burden",
  "version": 2,
  "jurisdiction": "us-ny",
  "domain": "torts.motor_vehicle",
  "title": "Comparative fault is the defendant's burden to prove",
  "valid_from": null,
  "valid_to": null,
  "temporal_notes": [],
  "topics": [
    "comparative_fault"
  ],
  "status": "VERIFIED",
  "verification": {
    "verified_on": "2026-09-30",
    "methods": [
      "Statement drafted by the editor to restate only what the quoted passages say; each passage was checked against its source as recorded on the linked authority or case.",
      "Checked that every authority and case linked below says what the relationship note claims."
    ],
    "human_review_status": "reviewed",
    "reviewer": null
  },
  "revisions": [
    {
      "version": 2,
      "date": "2026-10-25",
      "summary": "Reviewed for source and accuracy."
    }
  ],
  "statement": "The injured person's culpable conduct is an affirmative defense that the defendant must plead and prove. To win partial summary judgment on the defendant's liability, the injured person does not also have to show that they were free of fault.",
  "scope_notes": [],
  "passages": [
    {
      "source": "src_nysenate_cplr_1412",
      "locator": "CPLR 1412",
      "text": "Culpable conduct claimed in diminution of damages, in accordance with section fourteen hundred eleven, shall be an affirmative defense to be pleaded and proved by the party asserting the defense."
    },
    {
      "source": "src_courtlistener_rodriguez_v_city_of_new_york",
      "locator": "31 NY3d at 324-325",
      "text": "To be entitled to partial summary judgment a plaintiff does not bear the double burden of establishing a prima facie case of defendant's liability and the absence of his or her own comparative fault."
    }
  ],
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  "relationship_ids": [],
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    "content_hash": "sha256:53bee96cd158aa910261ad27765a66bfe0c4906de2bfba0f6e83af49b0c4985d",
    "dataset_version": "2026.10.25"
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  "trust": {
    "authority_level": "primary_legislation",
    "source_type": "official_legislature",
    "primary_source": true,
    "verified": true,
    "verification_date": "2026-09-30",
    "source_freshness": "2026-09-30",
    "temporal_status": "timeless",
    "conflict_status": "none_known",
    "human_review_status": "reviewed",
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  "applicability": {
    "as_of": "2026-11-04",
    "applies": true,
    "temporal_status": "timeless",
    "reason": "No date limits are recorded.",
    "status": "VERIFIED"
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  "graph": {
    "authorities": [
      {
        "id": "auth_ny_cplr_1412",
        "role": "establishes",
        "relationship": "rel_cplr_1412_establishes_defendant_burden"
      }
    ],
    "cases": [
      {
        "id": "case_ny_rodriguez_v_city_of_new_york",
        "role": "supports",
        "relationship": "rel_rodriguez_supports_defendant_burden"
      }
    ],
    "outgoing": [],
    "incoming": [
      {
        "id": "rel_cplr_1412_establishes_defendant_burden",
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      {
        "id": "rel_rodriguez_supports_defendant_burden",
        "relation": "supports",
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      }
    ]
  },
  "provenance": {
    "passages": [
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        "source": "src_nysenate_cplr_1412",
        "locator": "CPLR 1412",
        "sha256": "sha256:c98b591e6a3579cbd0485c9f6aa952dc711773cfdfd4917abade14e054a4d89c",
        "source_url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVP/1412",
        "retrieved": "2026-09-30"
      },
      {
        "source": "src_courtlistener_rodriguez_v_city_of_new_york",
        "locator": "31 NY3d at 324-325",
        "sha256": "sha256:9e9bc73f13a49664cd1fc287019889f3610ee0e7c805548e911ba1d44bf7b61a",
        "source_url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/7173717/rodriguez-v-city-of-ny/",
        "retrieved": "2026-09-30"
      }
    ]
  },
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