{
  "id": "prop_ny_mv_owner_liability_permissive_use",
  "version": 2,
  "jurisdiction": "us-ny",
  "domain": "torts.motor_vehicle",
  "title": "A vehicle's owner is liable for a permissive driver's negligence",
  "valid_from": null,
  "valid_to": null,
  "temporal_notes": [],
  "topics": [
    "owner_liability",
    "motor_vehicle_accident"
  ],
  "status": "VERIFIED",
  "verification": {
    "verified_on": "2026-09-30",
    "methods": [
      "Statement drafted by the editor to restate only what the quoted passages say; each passage was checked against its source as recorded on the linked authority or case.",
      "Checked that every authority and case linked below says what the relationship note claims."
    ],
    "human_review_status": "reviewed",
    "reviewer": null
  },
  "revisions": [
    {
      "version": 2,
      "date": "2026-10-25",
      "summary": "Reviewed for source and accuracy."
    }
  ],
  "statement": "Every owner of a vehicle used or operated in New York is liable for death or injuries to person or property caused by the negligence of anyone using or operating the vehicle with the owner's express or implied permission.",
  "scope_notes": [
    "Rental and leasing businesses are protected by the federal Graves Amendment in actions commenced on or after August 10, 2005: see prop_us_mv_graves_rental_owner.",
    "Fire and police vehicles are outside § 388: see prop_ny_mv_owner_liability_excludes_police_fire."
  ],
  "passages": [
    {
      "source": "src_nysenate_vtl_388",
      "locator": "§ 388(1)",
      "text": "Every owner of a vehicle used or operated in this state shall be liable and responsible for death or injuries to person or property resulting from negligence in the use or operation of such vehicle, in the business of such owner or otherwise, by any person using or operating the same with the permission, express or implied, of such owner."
    }
  ],
  "type": "proposition",
  "source_ids": [],
  "relationship_ids": [],
  "url": "https://agents.newyorkeverydaylawreference.com/proposition/prop_ny_mv_owner_liability_permissive_use",
  "cite_as": {
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    "type": "proposition",
    "version": 2,
    "url": "https://agents.newyorkeverydaylawreference.com/proposition/prop_ny_mv_owner_liability_permissive_use",
    "content_hash": "sha256:fdd4eca5c9876b34473d34df64e36ea86f63cdcfbe75096c71420348dcd31aeb",
    "dataset_version": "2026.10.25"
  },
  "trust": {
    "authority_level": "primary_legislation",
    "source_type": "official_legislature",
    "primary_source": true,
    "verified": true,
    "verification_date": "2026-09-30",
    "source_freshness": "2026-09-30",
    "temporal_status": "timeless",
    "conflict_status": "limited",
    "human_review_status": "reviewed",
    "provenance_complete": true
  },
  "applicability": {
    "as_of": "2026-11-04",
    "applies": true,
    "temporal_status": "timeless",
    "reason": "No date limits are recorded.",
    "status": "VERIFIED"
  },
  "graph": {
    "authorities": [
      {
        "id": "auth_ny_vtl_388",
        "role": "establishes",
        "relationship": "rel_vtl_388_establishes_owner_liability"
      }
    ],
    "cases": [],
    "outgoing": [],
    "incoming": [
      {
        "id": "rel_graves_limits_owner_liability",
        "relation": "limits",
        "from": "prop_us_mv_graves_rental_owner"
      },
      {
        "id": "rel_police_fire_exclusion_limits_owner_liability",
        "relation": "limits",
        "from": "prop_ny_mv_owner_liability_excludes_police_fire"
      },
      {
        "id": "rel_vtl_388_establishes_owner_liability",
        "relation": "establishes",
        "from": "auth_ny_vtl_388"
      }
    ]
  },
  "provenance": {
    "passages": [
      {
        "source": "src_nysenate_vtl_388",
        "locator": "§ 388(1)",
        "sha256": "sha256:79fe0e587492320fcec581156adc1e9e0ce118aef73923f39b74b9ee136f24b0",
        "source_url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/VAT/388",
        "retrieved": "2026-09-30"
      }
    ]
  },
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    "html": "https://agents.newyorkeverydaylawreference.com/proposition/prop_ny_mv_owner_liability_permissive_use",
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