{
  "id": "prop_ny_prior_written_notice_two_exceptions",
  "version": 2,
  "jurisdiction": "us-ny",
  "domain": "torts.sidewalk",
  "title": "Prior-written-notice laws have only two exceptions",
  "valid_from": null,
  "valid_to": null,
  "temporal_notes": [],
  "topics": [
    "prior_written_notice",
    "city_created_defect",
    "special_use",
    "city_liability"
  ],
  "status": "VERIFIED",
  "verification": {
    "verified_on": "2026-09-29",
    "methods": [
      "Statement drafted by the editor to restate only what the quoted passages say; each passage was checked against its source as recorded on the linked authority or case.",
      "Checked that every authority and case linked below says what the relationship note claims."
    ],
    "human_review_status": "reviewed",
    "reviewer": null
  },
  "revisions": [
    {
      "version": 2,
      "date": "2026-10-25",
      "summary": "Reviewed for source and accuracy."
    }
  ],
  "statement": "New York courts recognize only two exceptions to a prior-written-notice law: where the municipality created the defect through an affirmative act of negligence, and where a special use confers a special benefit on the municipality. Once the municipality shows it lacked prior written notice, the plaintiff must show that an exception applies.",
  "scope_notes": [],
  "passages": [
    {
      "source": "src_cornell_amabile_v_city_of_buffalo",
      "locator": "93 NY2d at 474",
      "text": "This Court has recognized only two exceptions to the statutory rule requiring prior written notice, namely, where the locality created the defect or hazard through an affirmative act of negligence ... and where a \"special use\" confers a special benefit upon the locality"
    }
  ],
  "type": "proposition",
  "source_ids": [],
  "relationship_ids": [],
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  "cite_as": {
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    "content_hash": "sha256:e9802d887565be35fb5fb945a312944fea3dbcbba54fe99bf49ba1989c4883bd",
    "dataset_version": "2026.10.25"
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  "trust": {
    "authority_level": "court_of_last_resort",
    "source_type": "secondary",
    "primary_source": false,
    "verified": true,
    "verification_date": "2026-09-29",
    "source_freshness": "2026-09-29",
    "temporal_status": "timeless",
    "conflict_status": "none_known",
    "human_review_status": "reviewed",
    "provenance_complete": true
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  "applicability": {
    "as_of": "2026-11-04",
    "applies": true,
    "temporal_status": "timeless",
    "reason": "No date limits are recorded.",
    "status": "VERIFIED"
  },
  "graph": {
    "authorities": [],
    "cases": [
      {
        "id": "case_ny_amabile_v_city_of_buffalo",
        "role": "supports",
        "relationship": "rel_amabile_supports_two_exceptions"
      },
      {
        "id": "case_nyc_oboler_v_city_of_new_york",
        "role": "supports",
        "relationship": "rel_oboler_supports_two_exceptions"
      },
      {
        "id": "case_nyc_yarborough_v_city_of_new_york",
        "role": "supports",
        "relationship": "rel_yarborough_supports_two_exceptions"
      }
    ],
    "outgoing": [],
    "incoming": [
      {
        "id": "rel_amabile_supports_two_exceptions",
        "relation": "supports",
        "from": "case_ny_amabile_v_city_of_buffalo"
      },
      {
        "id": "rel_oboler_supports_two_exceptions",
        "relation": "supports",
        "from": "case_nyc_oboler_v_city_of_new_york"
      },
      {
        "id": "rel_yarborough_supports_two_exceptions",
        "relation": "supports",
        "from": "case_nyc_yarborough_v_city_of_new_york"
      }
    ]
  },
  "provenance": {
    "passages": [
      {
        "source": "src_cornell_amabile_v_city_of_buffalo",
        "locator": "93 NY2d at 474",
        "sha256": "sha256:d5c98fe574f4e3eda24258462ff4980532381ee91126bfb1da3beb71d7cd89e1",
        "source_url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/nyctap/I99_0095.htm",
        "retrieved": "2026-09-29"
      }
    ]
  },
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