{
  "id": "rel_graves_limits_owner_liability",
  "relation": "limits",
  "to": "prop_ny_mv_owner_liability_permissive_use",
  "note": "Rental and leasing businesses are not liable under § 388 merely as owners in actions commenced on or after August 10, 2005.",
  "valid_from": "2005-08-10",
  "valid_to": null,
  "passages": [
    {
      "source": "src_uscode_49_30106",
      "locator": "49 USC § 30106(a)",
      "text": "An owner of a motor vehicle that rents or leases the vehicle to a person (or an affiliate of the owner) shall not be liable under the law of any State or political subdivision thereof, by reason of being the owner of the vehicle (or an affiliate of the owner), for harm to persons or property that results or arises out of the use, operation, or possession of the vehicle during the period of the rental or lease, if- (1) the owner (or an affiliate of the owner) is engaged in the trade or business of renting or leasing motor vehicles; and (2) there is no negligence or criminal wrongdoing on the part of the owner (or an affiliate of the owner)."
    },
    {
      "source": "src_courtlistener_graham_v_dunkley",
      "locator": "50 AD3d at 58",
      "text": "The section applies to all actions commenced on or after August 10, 2005 ... and has been enforced as preempting the vicarious liability imposed on commercial lessors by Vehicle and Traffic Law § 388"
    }
  ],
  "version": 2,
  "revisions": [
    {
      "version": 2,
      "date": "2026-10-25",
      "summary": "Reviewed for source and accuracy."
    }
  ],
  "type": "relationship",
  "from": "prop_us_mv_graves_rental_owner",
  "title": "prop_us_mv_graves_rental_owner limits prop_ny_mv_owner_liability_permissive_use",
  "status": "VERIFIED",
  "jurisdiction": "us",
  "domain": "torts.motor_vehicle",
  "verification": {
    "verified_on": "2026-09-30",
    "methods": [
      "Statement drafted by the editor to restate only what the quoted passages say; each passage was checked against its source as recorded on the linked authority or case.",
      "Checked that every authority and case linked below says what the relationship note claims."
    ],
    "human_review_status": "reviewed",
    "reviewer": null
  },
  "url": "https://agents.newyorkeverydaylawreference.com/relationship/rel_graves_limits_owner_liability",
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    "type": "relationship",
    "version": 2,
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    "content_hash": "sha256:d50f47509a7a9fd92671866b9826ededbd7230689d55e772cfec7a5c2814b843",
    "dataset_version": "2026.10.25"
  },
  "trust": {
    "authority_level": "primary_legislation",
    "source_type": "official_code",
    "primary_source": true,
    "verified": true,
    "verification_date": "2026-09-30",
    "source_freshness": "2026-10-25",
    "temporal_status": "current",
    "conflict_status": "none_known",
    "human_review_status": "reviewed",
    "provenance_complete": true
  },
  "applicability": {
    "as_of": "2026-11-04",
    "applies": true,
    "temporal_status": "current",
    "reason": "Relationship holds from 2005-08-10.",
    "status": "VERIFIED"
  },
  "graph": {
    "outgoing": [],
    "incoming": []
  },
  "provenance": {
    "passages": [
      {
        "source": "src_uscode_49_30106",
        "locator": "49 USC § 30106(a)",
        "sha256": "sha256:57afc805db512e2795a3ec1452e5320b10fe415bc576e59b97f8eeec7fc2ea0d",
        "source_url": "https://uscode.house.gov/us/usc/119-120/t49/s30106/",
        "retrieved": "2026-10-25"
      },
      {
        "source": "src_courtlistener_graham_v_dunkley",
        "locator": "50 AD3d at 58",
        "sha256": "sha256:e376602a72d4182bf6f6b6c56359980948792f2b613fbcf562a2ff71a87f823c",
        "source_url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/5891633/graham-v-dunkley/",
        "retrieved": "2026-09-30"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "html": "https://agents.newyorkeverydaylawreference.com/relationship/rel_graves_limits_owner_liability",
    "json": "https://agents.newyorkeverydaylawreference.com/relationship/rel_graves_limits_owner_liability.json",
    "markdown": "https://agents.newyorkeverydaylawreference.com/relationship/rel_graves_limits_owner_liability.md",
    "current": "https://agents.newyorkeverydaylawreference.com/relationship/rel_graves_limits_owner_liability",
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}