{
  "id": "rel_usc_30106_establishes_graves",
  "relation": "establishes",
  "to": "prop_us_mv_graves_rental_owner",
  "note": "Subsection (a) bars ownership-only liability of rental and leasing businesses; subsection (c) applies it to actions commenced on or after enactment.",
  "valid_from": "2005-08-10",
  "valid_to": null,
  "passages": [
    {
      "source": "src_uscode_49_30106",
      "locator": "49 USC § 30106(a)",
      "text": "An owner of a motor vehicle that rents or leases the vehicle to a person (or an affiliate of the owner) shall not be liable under the law of any State or political subdivision thereof, by reason of being the owner of the vehicle (or an affiliate of the owner), for harm to persons or property that results or arises out of the use, operation, or possession of the vehicle during the period of the rental or lease, if- (1) the owner (or an affiliate of the owner) is engaged in the trade or business of renting or leasing motor vehicles; and (2) there is no negligence or criminal wrongdoing on the part of the owner (or an affiliate of the owner)."
    },
    {
      "source": "src_uscode_49_30106",
      "locator": "49 USC § 30106(c)",
      "text": "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, this section shall apply with respect to any action commenced on or after the date of enactment of this section without regard to whether the harm that is the subject of the action, or the conduct that caused the harm, occurred before such date of enactment."
    }
  ],
  "version": 2,
  "revisions": [
    {
      "version": 2,
      "date": "2026-10-25",
      "summary": "Reviewed for source and accuracy. Replaced the broken U.S. Code granule URL with the current section page."
    }
  ],
  "type": "relationship",
  "from": "auth_us_usc_49_30106",
  "title": "auth_us_usc_49_30106 establishes prop_us_mv_graves_rental_owner",
  "status": "VERIFIED",
  "jurisdiction": "us",
  "domain": "torts.motor_vehicle",
  "verification": {
    "verified_on": "2026-10-25",
    "methods": [
      "Subsections (a) and (c) compared word for word with the Office of the Law Revision Counsel's United States Code page (uscode.house.gov), fetched directly on 2026-09-30.",
      "Date of enactment (August 10, 2005) taken from Graham v Dunkley, 50 AD3d 55 (2d Dept 2008), which reads subsection (c) as applying to all actions commenced on or after that date.",
      "On 2026-10-25 the previous granule URL returned page not found. Subsections (a) and (c) were found on https://uscode.house.gov/us/usc/119-120/t49/s30106/, which is now official_url and source_url."
    ],
    "human_review_status": "reviewed",
    "reviewer": null
  },
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    "content_hash": "sha256:cd159b2ec89cb93a1da62721747917cb6ecbcb7f1262d11ddb85d3f9f15208a9",
    "dataset_version": "2026.10.25"
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  "trust": {
    "authority_level": "primary_legislation",
    "source_type": "official_code",
    "primary_source": true,
    "verified": true,
    "verification_date": "2026-10-25",
    "source_freshness": "2026-10-25",
    "temporal_status": "current",
    "conflict_status": "none_known",
    "human_review_status": "reviewed",
    "provenance_complete": true
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  "applicability": {
    "as_of": "2026-11-04",
    "applies": true,
    "temporal_status": "current",
    "reason": "Relationship holds from 2005-08-10.",
    "status": "VERIFIED"
  },
  "graph": {
    "outgoing": [],
    "incoming": []
  },
  "provenance": {
    "passages": [
      {
        "source": "src_uscode_49_30106",
        "locator": "49 USC § 30106(a)",
        "sha256": "sha256:57afc805db512e2795a3ec1452e5320b10fe415bc576e59b97f8eeec7fc2ea0d",
        "source_url": "https://uscode.house.gov/us/usc/119-120/t49/s30106/",
        "retrieved": "2026-10-25"
      },
      {
        "source": "src_uscode_49_30106",
        "locator": "49 USC § 30106(c)",
        "sha256": "sha256:3f7a4259ab4b4f8cc7e5c125ef9fcde6d00f4f02453960706f1e5d4b097826fc",
        "source_url": "https://uscode.house.gov/us/usc/119-120/t49/s30106/",
        "retrieved": "2026-10-25"
      }
    ]
  },
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